攀西地区实施退耕和天保工程的问题及对策

攀西地处长江上游，在西南地区乃至全国的可持续发展战略中具有重要地位，目前生态退化严重。论述了攀植实施退耕还林还草和天然林保护工程的问题，如产业结构的单一性和脆弱性及地方财政的弱势地位造成对森林依赖性砍伐，法律法规等各项具体配套措施不到位，利益分享补偿机制等制度建设落后于实践，群众的落后思维方式和发展观念难以摒除等都使工程实施初期的经济效益不明显，当地群众脱贫又返贫，社会矛盾激化等。对此提出了相关对策，即区分当前和长远两个层次，在当前主要依靠国家加大财政转移支付和吸引民间投资，加强资金监督管理，强化普法执法，加强现有技术措施的推广应用等；远期内，完善基础设施，发展水电，旅游等资源商品型替代产品，重视农村科教文卫普及，摒除陈规陋习，控制人口增长，树立“环境容量／土承载力”的可持续发展意义.等     

Educational issues, school settings, and environmental psychology

This paper reviews selected research on classroom and school environments, using a framework that views schools from three perspectives—as places for learning, as places for socialization and as places for psychological development. Studies are included that deal with the impact of noise and classroom design on learning; the relationship between seating position, achievement and status; spatial cognition; the classroom environment and sex role stereotyping; privacy; and density. The need for classrooms to enhance children's feelings of competence, security and self-esteem is also stressed. The goal of the paper is to point out ways in which environmental psychologists can contribute to the improvement of the educational system and to the quality of life in schools.     

AGRICULTURAL CONSERVATION PROGRAM: AN EVALUATION1

The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), is undergoing a new, rigorous evaluation to determine its effectiveness in conserving the Nation's agricultural soils and waters. ACP deals with many types of conservation practices, but the focus here is on the evaluation of soil and water related practices. ACP has depended heavily on the State and private forestry services, Soil Conservation Service, and the Cooperative Extension Services, for technical expertise. Thus, the process is an evaluation of the effectiveness of a “team of agencies,” as well as of the program itself. Results of the evaluation have helped to develop new thrusts which have moved ACP further into the position of treating the total conservation problem. Phase I has its limitations. It did not address the impact of wind erosion, water quality, change in productive capacity, soil quality, wildlife habitat, off site and farm income impacts. It does show that ACP has and is doing a very good job in meeting its stated purposes. It is clear that ACP's effectiveness can be improved with more and better advanced planning and more intensive use of soil maps, the USLE, and other scientific tools. ACP is headed in this direction.     

薄隔水层井筒底板突水的突变模型

在薄板理论的基础上,建立了立井井筒底板突水的突变模型。运用突变理论的分析方法,求得了井筒底板隔水层的最小理论安全厚度,这与典型案例实际情况基本相符。论文根据在大涨落存在的前提下突变发生所遵循的Ｍａｘｗ ｅｌｌ规则,对理论值和实际值的偏差作了合理的解释,还提出了解决该偏差的一种近似计算方法。所进行的研究工作,为井筒突水的预测及确定隔水层的安全厚度,提供一种新的理论方法和途径。     

Theory and practice of EIA implementation: A comparative study of three developing countries

This article offers a conceptual framework for analyzing institutional processes and performance outcome of EIA implementation for developing countries. Eight classes of participants in the EIA process are identified: (1) responsible agency; (2) action proponent; (3) preparer; (4) review agency; (5) rule-setting agency; (6) concerned agencies; (7) general public; and (8) licensing agency. Five types of performance outcome are suggested that may follow the introduction of EIA into a national planning system. These include EIA as (1) a fully internalized element of the planning process, (2) a support for a position of advocacy for the environment, (3) a process of adjustment among conflicting goals, (4) a process to remedy prior environmental damage, and (5) a perfunctory endorsement of public or private actions. Using these categories, the EIA system of the Philippines, Korea, and Brazil are analyzed. Three aspects of EIA implementation are compared: national development planning and environmental goals; institutional structure; and performance evaluation. Based on this analysis, the author concludes that while EIA in developing countries is being hampered in its early stages by institutional factors, there are some specific policies that, if adopted by national governments and international aid agencies, would enhance the integration of EIA into the planning and decision-making process and make EIA a more effective tool for environmental protection in the developing world.     

影响YYG-4B型冷原子荧光测汞仪诸因素分析

对YYG－4B型冷原子荥光测汞仪在测试中常出现的各种因素进行了分析探讨，提出了可行的解决方法，进一步提高了测定结果的精密度和准确度。     

武汉市霾天气过程冷锋和降水对PM2.5输送和清除效应分析

基于2013—2016年93次冷锋影响过程,研究了冷锋和降水对武汉市PM_(2.5)浓度增加和降低的影响机制,并对浓度下降幅度开展了定量分析.结果表明:受冷锋影响PM_(2.5)浓度变化表现为"两类五型",其中,PM_(2.5)浓度下降占比为62%,平均下降幅度为41μg·m~(-3),主要发生在中等强度冷锋过程中,下降幅度最大时24 h变温、24 h变压和极大风速的区间分别为-4～-2℃、8～12 hPa和8 m·s~(-1);而PM_(2.5)浓度上升主要出现在弱冷锋影响下,上升幅度最大的相应区间分别为-2～0℃、6 hPa和4 m·s~(-1).直接下降型风速最大,直接上升型冷锋强度偏弱,先升后降型PM_(2.5)浓度平均值最高.71%的冷锋过程伴有降水.对于重污染过程,污染持续时间最长的天气型为低压倒槽,PM_(2.5)浓度值最大的天气型为均压场.同时,清除方式中冷空气和降水共同作用占44.4%,单纯冷空气影响占37.0%,仅冷空气作用时的清除速度最快,下降速度为71.1μg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),但结束时的浓度最高;配合降水时清除效果明显,结束浓度一般在46μg·m~(-3)左右,但清除速率较小.     

基于结构函数理论的微通道冷板热阻研究

目的寻找微通道冷板热阻与沸腾程度的关系。方法在结构函数的理论基础上,使用T3Ster对微通道冷板进行测量,从实验系统热路的微分结构函数中分离出微通道冷板的一维热阻。结果单相流动时冷板的一维热阻与热流密度之间不存在明显的关联。结论两相流动时冷板的一维热阻总体上随着微通道内沸腾的加剧而呈现出波动下降的趋势。     

新型城镇化、居民福祉与国土空间规划应对

我国城镇化已经步入中后期发展阶段,以人为本的新型城镇化内涵需要进一步丰富和建构。国土空间规划正是新型城镇化建设和生态文明建设落地的关键。本文提出增进居民福祉是以人为本新型城镇化的核心,梳理了居民福祉内涵的国内外相关研究、居民福祉的主客观测度指标体系与方法,归纳了影响居民福祉和幸福感的综合影响因素。借鉴国外空间规划经验,建议把增进城乡居民福祉作为国土空间规划编制的指导思想之一,并在国土空间规划实践中注重公共服务设施优化配置研究、灾害风险评估与韧性城市建设、三生空间优化、社区生活圈规划与精细化管理和大数据与智能决策系统等。城镇化是国土空间规划的重要组成,国土空间规划的科学编制有助于推动新型城镇化的高质量发展和城乡居民福祉提升,需要关注和加强城市合理等级体系、城市人口流动格局网络、半城镇化与就近城镇化模式、城乡基本公共服务配置与均等化、气候变化、城市灾害风险管理以及快速城镇化下人地关系演变等新型城镇化基础研究。